Two Marxist Objections to Exploitation :: Economy Economics Papers

Two Marxist Objections to Exploitation Unique: I contend that we can discover in Marx two issues with misuse: (I) a privilege complaint as per which it is illegitimate in view of the out of line dissemination of advantages and weights it produces; and (ii) an expressivist protest as per which it is questionable as a result of the sort of social connection it is. The expressivist complaint is predicated on a communitarian strand in Marx's idea, though the privilege protest is grounded in a progressively liberal record of the impropriety of entrepreneur misuse. I close by associating my investigation to the current discussion among defenders and pundits of market communism. While advertise communism could be a vehicle for understanding the qualities related with the qualification complaint, this isn't valid for the expressivist protest. Moreover, in light of the fact that the privilege protest doesn't rely upon a thick origination of the human great, it is as per the liberal perfect of political impartiality though the expr essivist complaint isn't. In what tails I contend that we can discover in Marx's work two issues with misuse and that distinctive these protests explains current issues confronting communist political way of thinking. The first is a privilege protest as indicated by which abuse is unfair as a result of the vile dispersion of advantages and weights it creates. The second is an expressivist complaint as per which misuse is unfair in view of the sort of social connection it is, viz., one in which specialists see the requirements, vulnerabilities, and limits of others essentially as a way to their own private addition. (1) The expressivist complaint proposes a normatively thicker, communitarian strand in Marx's idea, while the privilege protest depends on a more slender, progressively liberal regulating account. I finish up by interfacing my examination to the current discussion among defenders and pundits of market communism. While showcase communism could be a vehicle for understanding the qualities related wit h the privilege protest, this is far-fetched the case for the expressivist complaint. Moreover, on the grounds that the qualification complaint doesn't rely upon a thick origination of the human great it fits with the accentuation on political lack of bias that is integral to liberal idea. Let me give some setting to my record by quickly portraying the spot of abuse in Marx's hypothesis of history, the association between the regularizing and logical jobs of misuse, and the pertinence of Marx's hypothesis of misuse for contemporary social way of thinking. For Marx abuse is an idea of recorded simplification, applying not exclusively to free enterprise, yet to medieval and old methods of creation.

Freedom in Mark Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Essay -- Adventur

Nothing is increasingly significant in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer than opportunity. Opportunity assumes a huge job in the book Tom Sawyer. Regardless of whether it is individuals procuring opportunity or individuals not being allowed it, each little fellow in St. Petersburg needed some type of opportunity. The word opportunity implies the ability to state and do what you need. Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn and Joe Harper are on the whole young men looking for opportunity. Opportunity is the key explanation the young men flee to Jackson Island. Opportunity is one of the fundamental topics in the book. Tom is continually searching for approaches to acquire opportunity. One of the primary plots in the story is Tom’s mission for opportunity. Opportunity gives Tom a feeling of achievement after he completes a deed or errand. â€Å"The mystery to satisfaction is opportunity. The key to opportunity is courage.† - Thucydides Ancient Greek Historian Once in a while he doesn’t gain it however he endeavors to escape his obligations. Tom is continually begrudging Huck for his lazy way of life. His Aunt Polly isn't an aficionado of opportunity she imagines that young men ought to do their tasks and be acculturated. â€Å"Spare the pole and ruin the youngster, ...

The 5 Major Classes of Antidepressants

The 5 Major Classes of Antidepressants Depression Treatment Medication Print The 5 Major Classes of Antidepressants By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on August 30, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Jonathan Nourok/Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview SSRIs SNRIs TCAs MAOIs Atypical Antidepressants Treatment Options Risk and Considerations View All An antidepressant, as the name implies, is a type of drug primarily used for the treatment of depression. Depression is a common disorder that affects the chemistry and function of your brain. Antidepressants can help correct the dysfunction by altering the circuits and chemicals that pass signals along nerve routes to the brain.?? Antidepressants are grouped into classes based on how they affect the chemistry of the brain. While the antidepressants in a class will tend to have similar side effects and mechanisms of action, there are differences in their molecular structures which can influence how well the drug is absorbed, disseminated, or tolerated in different people. There are five major classes of antidepressant and several others that are less commonly used. Each has its own benefits, risks, and appropriate uses. While some may be considered preferred options, the drug selection can vary based on your symptoms, history of treatment, and co-existing psychological disorders. How Antidepressants Works There are three basic molecules, known chemically as monoamines, that are believed to be involved in mood regulation. These primarily work as neurotransmitters, which literally transmit nerve signals to their corresponding receptors in the brain. Antidepressants work by influencing these neurotransmitters, which include: Serotonin, the neurotransmitter whose role it is to regulate mood, appetite, sleep, memory, social behavior, and sexual desireNorepinephrine, which influences alertness and motor function and helps regulate blood pressure and heart rate in response to stressDopamine, which plays a central role in decision-making, motivation, arousal, and the signaling of pleasure and reward In people with depression, the availability of these neurotransmitters in the brain is characteristically low. Antidepressants work by increasing the availability of one or several of these neurotransmitters in different, distinctive ways. Of the five major classes of antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the most commonly prescribed, particularly in first-line treatment.?? Other antidepressants may be used if these drugs fail or in cases of intractable depression (also known as treatment-resistant depression). Understanding the Chemistry of Depression Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) There are a number of antidepressants that work by preventing the reabsorption (reuptake) of neurotransmitters into the body. Collectively known as reuptake inhibitors, they prevent the reuptake of one or more neurotransmitters so that more are available and active in the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by specifically inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin.?? SSRIs are a newer class of antidepressants first developed during the 1970s. Examples include: Prozac (fluoxetine)Paxil (paroxetine)Zoloft (sertraline)Celexa (citalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Lexapro (escitalopram)Viibryd (vilazodone)?? SSRIs tend to have fewer side effects than older antidepressants but are still known to nausea, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, and sexual dysfunction.?? In addition to treating depressions, SSRIs are also sometimes used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), eating disorders, and premature ejaculations.?? They have also proved helpful during stroke recovery. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) work in a similar way to SSRIs except that they inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin.?? The first SNRI was FDA-approved in December 1993.?? Increasing norepinephrine levels in tandem to serotonin levels can be particularly useful or people with psychomotor retardation (the slowing of physical movement and thought). Examples of SNRIs include: Effexor (venlafaxine)Cymbalta (duloxetine)Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)Savella (milnacipran)Fetzima (levomilnacipran)?? Common side effects of SNRIs include nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, constipation, and dry mouth.?? Some SNRIs, like Cymbalta, can also be used to treat chronic pain, a condition closely linked to the development of depression. They have also proven useful in treating generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder, and nerve pain associated with fibromyalgia.?? Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are an older class of drug first discovered in the 1950s. They were named after their chemical structure, which is composed of three interconnected rings of atoms. TCAs work similarly to reuptake inhibitors in that they block the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine into nerve cells, as well as another neurotransmitter known as acetylcholine (which helps regulate the movement of skeletal muscles). Examples of TCAs include: Elavil (amitriptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Asendin (amoxapine)Anafranil (clomipramine)Pamelor (nortriptyline)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protriptyline)Surmontil (trimipramine)Sinequan (doxepin)?? Ludiomil (maprotiline) belongs to the same class of the drug but is more appropriately described as a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) due to its fourth atomic ring. Common symptoms include constipation, dry mouth, blurry vision, drowsiness, dizziness, and weight gain. In some cases, irregular heartbeats, low blood pressure, and seizures can also occur.?? In addition to their use in depression, tricyclic antidepressants can help treat chronic pain.?? They were also once commonly used in children with attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) but have since been replaced with more effective drug agents with fewer side effects. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) One of the first classes of antidepressants developed were  monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). This antidepressant class, first discovered in the 1950s, inhibits the action of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase, whose role it is to break down monoamines.?? By blocking this effect, more neurotransmitters are available for use in mood regulation. Examples of MAOIs include: Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Marplan (isocarboxazid)Emsam (selegiline)?? MAOIs are less commonly used due to potentially severe reactions with foods high in tyramine.?? If taken inappropriately, MAOIs can cause tyramine levels to rise, triggering critical increases in blood pressure. To avoid this, MAOI treatment usually involves dietary restrictions. Other side effects include nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, restlessness, and insomnia.?? Despite the risks, MAOIs have proven useful in treating  agoraphobia, social phobia,  bulimia, PTSD, borderline personality disorder, and bipolar depression. Even so, its use is usually reserved for when other antidepressant options have failed. Atypical Antidepressants There are also other fairly new antidepressants that do not fit into any of the above-listed categories. Broadly described as atypical antidepressants, they affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in unique ways.     Examples of include: Wellbutrin (bupropion), classified as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, is used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder as well as a smoking cessation aid.Remeron (mirtazapine) is a noradrenergic antagonist used for major depression, that blocks receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) on the brain.Oleptro (trazodone) and Brintellix (vortioxetine) are serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) used for major depression the both inhibit serotonin reuptake and block adrenergic receptors.Symbax combines the SSRI fluoxetine with the antipsychotic drug fluoxetine to treat bipolar depression or treatment-resistant depression. Side effects can vary by drug type but may include dizziness, dry mouth, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, blurry vision, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction. 6 Antidepressants You Can Get Over-the-Counter Choosing the Right Antidepressant There are several factors that go into choosing the right antidepressant. Chief among them is tolerability. Because many antidepressants are equally effective in treating depression, a greater emphasis is placed on prescribing the drugs with the fewest short- and long-term side effects. This is especially true with nausea and weight gain, both of which can affect a persons quality of life and lead to the premature discontinuation of treatment.?? Antidepressants should never be used on their own to treat major depression but rather in conjunction with psychotherapy, self-help strategies, social support, and the treatment of co-existing conditions (such as chronic pain, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders).?? Risk and Considerations Antidepressants are sometimes used in combination with other drugs to treat a variety of conditions. In some cases, the combined use of drugs that both exert serotonergic action can lead to serotonin syndrome. This is the toxic accumulation of serotonin that can trigger a cascade of potentially dangerous physical and psychiatric symptoms.?? To avoid this, always advise your doctor about any and all drugs you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medication, nutritional supplements, or herbal remedies. Antidepressants should only be used as prescribed and may take up to eight weeks before the benefits are fully felt. It is important never to stop, interrupt, decrease, or increases doses without first speaking with your doctor. Stopping abruptly can lead to disruptive and often debilitating withdrawal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, tremors, nightmares, dizziness, depression, and electrical shocks sensations. This can be avoided by gradually tapering the dose, preferably under the direction of a doctor. Antidepressants should be used with extreme caution in children, teens, and younger adults. In 2007, the FDA issued a black box warning about the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and action in people under 24 on antidepressants of any type.?? Antidepressants should only be used in children, teens, and younger adults when absolutely needed and only after weighing the potential benefits of treatment against the potential risks. Now Real Is the Risk of Suicide With Antidepressants?

America s Involvement With World Terrorism - 1476 Words

9/11 was one of the most crucial events in U.S. history. Its impact will be felt for years to come. As confusing as the news coverage was that day on September 11, 2001, the truth emerged crystal clear through the replays. All Americans knew the United States would never be the same, the safe place that we call home would be altered forever. It is thought that Al Qaeda’s involvement with world terrorism can be traced back to 1993. After the United Sates embassy bombings in 1998 where over 220 lives were lost, the FBI put Bin Laden at the top of the ten most wanted list, offering a $25 million reward for his capture. In the year 2001 the United States was not engaged in any wars. Nobody knew about Al Qaeda and ISIS did not exist. But after the attacks on the twin towers it was clear what was happening, the U.S. would soon be going to war. On that late summer morning in September 2001, 19 hijackers took control of four commercial airplanes. The hijackers were terrorists who were carrying out attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington D.C. Just after 9:00 am, the Hijackers crashed flight 175 into the 75th-85th floors of the south tower. About an hour later the tower collapsed. The west side of the Pentagon was hit by Flight 77 shortly after the south tower was hit. Approximately one hour after the south tower was attacked, the north tower collapsed as well. The fourth airplane did not reach its intended becauseShow MoreRelatedUnited States Involvement During Vietnam War990 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans about how hypocritical their government is acting and reacting. As with the Domino theory US feared about their own own safety and was afraid to lose to world of communism, there strategy in fighting with communism and taking actions that even if they could not be terrorism considerably they has been involvements. For example US involvement in Vietnam war through out the1950s till 1960s. 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The Social Problem Between Race And The Justice System

The social problem between race and the justice system is a serious issue that is conflicting with the obtainable goal of the common good for society. Although slavery and the Civil Rights Movement have been long in the past, the words â€Å"inequality† and â€Å"racism† still headline everyday incidents that occur. Recent stories between African Americans and the legal justice system, illustrates that the United States has yet moved away from the idea of â€Å"racism† and that the minorities believe they are being under looked and being treated less than the average white American. Despite all the arguing and protesting that has been recently going on due to the Ferguson and Gardner cases, maybe there is a flaw in the justice system, which we call†¦show more content†¦Everyday we can expect to see a news story of a minority going to jail for a crime that they have committed, but we rarely see the news of a Caucasian going to prison unless it was for a s erious crime. For example, recently we have seen two major news stories go viral, the Eric Garner and Michael Brown cases. In each of these cases, the â€Å"defendants† who felt violated were Caucasian and both victims who were killed were African Americans. Although we will never discover the exact story of the Brown case, the Caucasian police officer was not indicted on the death of Michael Brown, who was shot and killed because of controversial reasons. Just when people thought this was a huge issue, the Eric Garner case put the tension between African Americans and the criminal justice system over the edge. Eric Garner was put down in a chokehold for selling untaxed cigarettes. While on the ground he clearly said â€Å"I can’t breathe! I can’t breathe!† and the NYPD disregarded his statements and kept him in a chokehold. Unfortunately, this resulted in Eric’s death and the NYPD cops who handled the matter were not indicted for the crime. These are not the only two examples where minorities are getting treated unequally in the criminal justice system. In contrast, there have been many untold national news stories where the roles of similar incidents were switched. In meaning, the African American was a

Notes Safety Management Free Essays

Definition of Terms: Accident – an unplanned, undesired event that may result in harm to people, damage to property or loss to process. Near miss or near accident – an incident resulting in neither an injury nor property damage. Hazard – is any existing or potential condition in the workplace that by interacting with other variables, can result in death, injuries, property damage, and other losses. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes Safety Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hazard control -involves developing a program to recognize, evaluate, and eliminate (or at least reduce ) the destructive effects of azards arising from human errors and from conditions in the workplace. Loss control – is accident prevention, achieved through a complete safety and health hazard control program. Loss control involves preventing employee injuries, occupational illnesses, and accidental damage to the company’s property. It also includes preventing injuries, illnesses, and property damage that may involve visitors and the public. Responsibility – is having to answer to higher management for activities and results. Authority- the right to correct, command, and determine the courses of action. Delegation – the sharing authority and responsibility with others. Even though we delegate responsibility, we cannot be completely relieved of it. Accountability – an active measurement taken by management to ensure compliance with standards. Safety Management: Safety Management will help us understand our safety responsibilities, take positive actions to prevent accidents, and give you a way of measuring how well we perform our safety duties. As a necessary part of the management process, hazard control is made up of safety audits and evaluation, sound operating and design procedure, perator training, inspection and testing programs, and effective communication regarding hazards and their control. A hazard control program coordinates shared responsibility among departments and underscores the interrelationships among workers, their equipment , and the work environment. Many of us mistakenly believe that accidents are only those incidents that result in serious injuries. If a minor injury or property damage results in an accident, some supervisors shrug off the incident and return to their routine work. They let the results of an accident determine their evel of interest in investigating its causes and preventing a recurrence. But we know that the results of an accident ( the degree of loss resulting from it ) are a matter of chance. It would be better to try to control the hazards that lead to accident than try to minimize, the damage done once and accident occurs. Loss control through accident prevention must be accomplished at all times. During safety inspection, be alert for anything that may cause an accident, such as tripping hazards, fire hazards, poorly stacked materials, poor housekeeping, safeguards are missing from machines, nd/or unsafe worker practices. Safety responsibilities cannot be separated from the other parts of your work. The best way to describe your Job is to say that you are responsible for safe production. Safety Responsibility as Performance Measure: Areas ot Responsibility: There are tour areas that supervisors must control: 1 Production 2. Quality 3. cost 4. Loss control Production, quality, cost, and loss control are of equal importance in measuring Job performance and cannot really be separated. When you accept a supervisory Job, you lso assume responsibility for the safety of your people. Every supervisor in any company is responsible for the safety of his or her workers. The top manager cannot handle all the details of every Job, so he or she delegates accident prevention responsibilities, along with commensurate authority, to various middle managers. In turn, the middle manager, will delegate responsibility for safety and accident prevention to the supervisor. Thus, you are accountable to your manager for accident prevention, Just as he or she is accountable to the top manager. How to cite Notes Safety Management, Papers

Relationship between Motivation and Job Satisfaction Samples

Question: Examine the relationship between Motivation and Job Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction This paper will be able to review articles relating to motivation and job satisfaction in the work environment. It will determine the relationship that exists between job satisfaction and motivation of employees. Employees will be satisfied with the job if they are motivated by their employers. The paper will be able to examine in detail the relationship that will exist between the motivation of the employees and the job performance. According to Armstrong, (2014) employee motivation and performance are the key factors in any organization. Motivation refers to the process of motivating people to be able to achieve their goals in the organization. Some of the psychological factors that may motivate employees in organization are the need of more money and respect of others.Motivation is very important in the management of the organization. Motivation is used to encourage workers to be able to make an optimistic input in achieving organizational objectives and goals. On the other hand job satisfaction refers to the level of contentment by the employee with their job .The nature of their work favors them and there is less supervision. Job satisfaction can be fulfilled when employees work to achieve the targets and goals that are set by the organization. The measurements of job satisfaction include the following; appreciation, communication, job conditions, nature of work, personal growth, policies , promotion of empl oyees, security and supervision.According to Pinder,(2014) states that job satisfaction reflect the happiness derived in their job by the activities that they perform. Motivation is one of the key factors that move the employees or human being to achieve his or her goals. Motivation is a guiding principle that is able to allow people to be focused on their success despite the challenges the people face. According to Arifin, (2014 ) motivation can be of two forms intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation refers to direct relationship between a worker and the task the employee is given. E.g. achievement and competence of the employees. The employees in this case should learn from the activities in the job environment .On the other hand extrinsic motivation comes from the work environment which includes good salary and benefits. Job satisfaction is affected by motivation given by the employers in the work environment. One of the factors that are affected by motivation in the work environment is commitment. The commitment of the employee is enhanced when he or she feels motivated and satisfied at his or her job. If an employee feels that he or she is motivated at work he would work hard in the level of employment since he will e satisfied with his or her work. Motivation and job satisfaction goes together in hand to enhance commitment. Job satisfaction in the work environment can be achieved through vary approach which incorporates vary approach. Vary approach is used to vary the routine activities of the organization to build excitement in the organization. Vary approach can be applied by building contests on the job challenges that affect the employees and help to build overall productivity. By expanding motivation of the employees it leads to job satisfaction. Though it is difficult to motivate employees, it is advisable to look for the desires and needs of the employees. The managers should also lead the job teams by serving as their role model ( Atmojo,2015). Feeling worth is one of the elements of motivation in the work environment. If an employee feels worth in the organization both mentally and emotionally then he and she will be able to be satisfied with his job. The employees need to be praised based on their performance, talents and reward them on different types of gratitude. Also the manager can help design projects that will bring more new equipments and materials that will help the employees achieve their objective by bringing the feeling of worth among the employees. Another element of motivation that affects job satisfaction is optimism. There is a link between optimism and job satisfaction. Leaders in the organization need to encourage optimism especially during the time of challenges. Low job satisfaction leads to employees to work less due to low motivation, low self esteem and negative aspect of life (Danish,2010). According to Liu,(2011) increase in salary is one of the motivating factors that will affect job satisfaction. Other factors that will affect motivation leading to the job satisfaction of employees are annual leave, promotion of the employees, performance appraisal, recognition of the employees and lastly motivation talks with the employees in the job environment. Future Research Based on the above research other future researches need to be conducted which are in line with the study. One of the future research that need to be conducted is the relationship between motivation and performance. When an employee is motivated by an increment in salary or goven any promotion then the employees are motivated to work more harder leading to good performance. Research should be done to determine the relationship between performance and motivation. Another research to be conducted include the relationship between intelligence and job performance. The performance of the organization is determined by the level of intelligence of employees hence the need for the research. Conclusion Low motivation which leads to low job satisfaction since it leads to lack of enthusiasm at work, lack of clear career projection. The management and employers need improve the work place environment like recognition of employees in organization, involving them in decision making and lastly incorporating incentives and bonuses in salaries to improve motivation leading job satisfaction of employees (Kuvaas,2009). References Andersen, L. B., Kjeldsen, A. M. (2013). Public service motivation, user orientation, and job satisfaction: A question of employment sector?.International Public Management Journal,16(2), 252-274. Arifin, H. M. (2014). The influence of competence, motivation, and organisational cultureto high school teacher job satisfaction and performance.International Education Studies,8(1), 38. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resourc management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Atmojo, M. (2015). The influence of transformational leadership on job satisfactio organizational commitment, and employee performance.International research journal of business studies,5(2). Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), 980. Danish, R. Q., Usman, A. (2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation: An empirical study from Pakistan.International journal of business and management,5(2), 159. Klassen, R. M., Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress.Journal of educational Psychology,102(3), 741. Liu, B. C., Tang, T. L. P. (2011). Does the love of money moderate the relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction? The case of Chinese professionals in the public sector.Public Administration Review,71(5), 718-727. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Kuvaas, B., Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development,intrinsic motivation and work performance.Human resource management journal,19(3), 217-236. Zhang, X., Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement.Academy of management journal,53(1), 107-128